這一篇樸門實習生網站所貼出來的文章，簡單扼要的向大家說明如何打造食物森林。很值得一讀，您在實際動手之前，我很建議大家多方閱讀資料，這會讓你很快的從各個面向建立概念。
Create a Food Forest and Grow 3-5X More Food with Less Maintenance Compared to Conventional Gardening
(Click Here to Get My Free Food Forest Starter Pack)
建立食物森林，比傳統園藝少維護卻能多產出 3-5 倍的食材（點此獲取我的免費食物森林啟始套裝）
We are going to cover a lot of ground in this post, so I put together a free package of resources that will help you implement what you learn in this post. Be sure to grab it before you leave!
這篇文章會涵蓋很多內容，所以我整理了一套免費資源套裝，幫助你實踐這篇文章所學的內容。離開前一定要先取得它！
Your Free Resources: Download your Food Forest Starter Pack, which includes my step-by-step Implementation Checklist, a Site Survey checklist, 5 plug-and-play Guild examples you can copy and recreate in your food forest, and the exact Layout Planning Guide I used when establishing my food forest. (click here to download).
您的免費資源：下載您的食物森林啟始套裝，其中包含我的逐步實施清單、場地調查清單、5 個您可以複製並在您的食物森林中重新創造的即插即用共生群體範例，以及我建立我的食物森林時使用的確切佈局規劃指南。（點此下載）。
If you are wondering how to start a food forest, you are in the correct place.
如果您想知道如何開始食物森林，您就在正確的地方。
In this post, I’ll outline the exact process to follow to go from an empty field to a fully-functioning ecosystem inspired by forests. You’ll learn how to choose the right plants for your food forest, design your layout, make soil improvements before planting, and much more.
在這篇文章中，我將概述從一塊空地到一個受森林啟發的完全功能生態系統的確切流程。您將學習如何為您的食物森林選擇正確的植物、設計您的佈局、在種植前進行土壤改良等。
What is a food forest? (aka forest garden)
什麼是食物森林？（又名森林花園）
標題：永續農法食物森林與傳統杏仁園
In layman’s terms, a food forest is a type of garden where you grow many different fruits, nuts, herbs, and even vegetables. It is designed to mimic a natural forest and has many different layers, from trees to shrubs, ground cover plants, vines, and more.
用白話來說，食物森林是一種種植多種水果、堅果、香草，甚至蔬菜的園地。它的設計模擬自然森林，擁有多層結構，從樹木到灌木叢、地面覆蓋植物、藤本植物等。
These plants all work together, help each other grow, and create a balanced ecosystem that provides an abundance of food and resources for you and an ideal habitat for your wildlife helpers.
這些植物都互相合作，幫助彼此成長，並創造出一個平衡的生態系統，為你提供豐富的食物和資源，同時也為你的野生夥伴們打造一個理想的棲息地。
Before we dive into the nitty-gritty of HOW to create a food forest, let’s first understand the big picture WHY: Why would you want to plant a food forest instead of a normal garden? In particular, why is it more resilient than other farming methods?
在我們深入探討如何創建食物森林之前，讓我們先了解整體概念為何：為什麼您想要種植食物森林而不是普通的菜園？特別是，為什麼它比其他農耕方法更具韌性？
How come wild cherries from the nearby forest do so well while the cherry tree you planted in your orchard five years ago dies miserably?
為何附近森林裡的野生櫻桃長得這麼好，而你五年前種在果園裡的櫻桃樹卻死得慘慘的？
One of my earliest memories of visiting my grandparents’ farm was playing on the dry stone wall, tossing stones around, and generally fooling around.
我最早記得去祖父母農場時，是在乾燥的石牆上玩，丟石頭，以及亂鬧。
Then, looking down, I came across a tiny seedling sticking out the side of the wall, growing in nothing, with barely any soil between the stones.
接著，我俯身看去，發現一株小小的幼苗從牆邊探出頭來，它無根無基，石頭之間幾乎沒有任何土壤。
Out of childish curiosity, more than anything, I decided to set it free from the heavy stones and leave it to grow on its own. That was 20 years ago…
出於兒童的好奇心，更多的是，我決定將它從沉重的石頭下釋放，讓它自行生長。那已是 20 年前…
Today, that seedling is this strapping young fellow on the image left – a European Ash tree.
今天，那株幼苗是左圖中這位強壯的年輕伙計——一株歐洲白楊樹。
He has survived the droughts, heavy snows, pouring rains, and sub-zero temperatures all by himself, without anyone taking care of him.
他靠著自己，度過了乾旱、重雪、傾盆大雨和零下溫度，沒有任何人的照顧。
As I sit under his shadow today and plan my food forest I’m curious to find out how trees flourish without human intervention.
今日坐在他的陰影下，我規劃著我的食物森林，好奇樹木如何能在沒有人類干預下繁榮。
How come wild apples, plums, and cherries from the nearby forest do so well while the cherry tree I planted in my orchard five years ago has died miserably? To understand this I needed to return to the place where the seed of this Mountain Ash tree came from and revisit my teacher – the forest itself.
為何附近的森林裡野生蘋果、李子、櫻桃長得這麼好，而我五年前種在果園裡的櫻桃樹卻死得慘慘的？為了理解這一點，我需要回到這棵山櫻樹種子的來源，重新拜訪我的老師——森林本身。
Forests Are Our Teachers 森林是我們的師傅
Just by my house, some 50m away, is an entrance to a forest. I visit there often; it makes me feel relaxed. I enjoy the serene sounds of nature, the falling leaves, birds, and other critters. Most importantly, I go there to observe and learn.
我家附近，約 50 公尺遠的地方，有一個森林入口。我常去那裡；讓我感到放鬆。我喜歡大自然的寧靜聲音、落葉、鳥類和其他生物。最重要的是，我到那裡是為了觀察和學習。
我附近森林的入口。我靈感的來源，也是許多種子與插穗的來源。
You see, given enough time, most ecosystems end up like a forest. This is the endpoint of ecological succession, where the ecosystem becomes stable or self-perpetuating as a climax community. Without any significant disturbances, the forest will endure indefinitely.
你明白嗎？只要給予足夠的時間，大多數生態系統最終都會變成一個森林。這是生態演替的終點，當生態系統成為穩定或自我維持的頂極群落時達成。若沒有任何顯著的干擾，森林將能永恆地持續存在。
This is exactly what you want your own food forest to be like. To achieve a low-maintenance abundance of fruit, nuts, berries, and herbs you’ll want to create a forest-like system where fertility comes from various sources, where you’re greatly aided by fungi, where wildlife is your primary pest control, where soil holds water like a sponge, and where you have a high diversity of plants.
這正是你希望自己的食物森林成為的樣子。為了達到低維護且豐富的水果、堅果、莓果和草本植物，你希望創造一個森林般的系統，其中肥力來自多種來源，真菌能給予你巨大的幫助，野生動物是你的主要害蟲控制者，土壤像海綿般能保持水分，並且擁有高度的植物多樣性。
You want a carefully designed and maintained ecosystem of useful plants that emulate conditions found in the forest.
您想要一個經過精心設計與維護的生態系統，裡面包含各種有用的植物，模擬森林中的環境條件。
However, the problem is often that you’ll find yourself starting with a bare field, a blank canvas, and the overall plan can feel a little overwhelming. Sometimes even reading books such as Edible Forest Gardens can make things harder rather than easier.
然而，問題常常在於你會發現自己從一塊光秃秃的田地、一張白紙開始，整體計畫會讓人覺得有點不知所措。有時候，甚至閱讀像《可食用的森林園藝》這樣的書，反而會讓事情變得更加困難而不是更容易。
While creating my own food forest, I broke down the plan into smaller, manageable steps. I want to make as few mistakes as possible, and honestly, I don’t have time to make them.
在建立我的食物森林時，我把計畫拆分成更小、更容易管理的步驟。我希望盡量少犯錯誤，誠實說，我沒有時間去犯它們。
So today, I’ll let you in on my process and share additional resources that will help you go from that bare field to a fully-functioning ecosystem inspired by forests.
所以今天，我將讓你們了解我的過程，並分享額外的資源，幫助你們從那片荒地到一個受森林啟發的完全功能型生態系統。
Want to create a food forest and grow 3-5X more food with less maintenance compared to conventional gardening?
想創建一個食物森林，並且比傳統園藝更省力，卻能產出 3-5 倍的收穫嗎？
Good! Grab a copy of my Food Forest Starter Pack. It will walk you through the exact steps you need to take to implement this 5000-word blog post you’re reading (click here to download).
太好了！快來取得我的食物森林啟始套裝。它會引導你完成實施這篇你正在閱讀的 5000 字部落格所需的確切步驟（點此下載）。
Ok, let’s dive in!
好的，讓我們開始吧！
STEP 1. Set a Goal: What Do You Want From Your Food Forest?
步驟 1. 設定目標：您希望從食物森林中得到什麼？
First, you have to be clear about the ultimate goals of your project.
首先，必須清楚你的專案最終目標。
Why is this important? 為何這很重要？
You see, with a clear goal, everything becomes more manageable. You know where best to place your efforts and, most importantly, what the priorities are, what to focus on, and what to postpone for the time being.
你了解，有了明確目標，一切就變得更容易管理。你知道何處最適合投入心力，最重要的是，什麼是優先順序，什麼需要專注，什麼可以暫緩處理。
You have to think are you doing this because of: 1. being more self-reliant, 2. making an income, 3. producing healthy food, 4. educating others, 5. having a fun project for all the family
你必須思考，你為何要這麼做：1. 為了更自給自足，2. 為了創造收入，3. 為了生產健康食物，4. 為了教育他人，5. 為了全家共享的有趣專案
As you can see, each of these will require different considerations for your precious time and money. For example, if your goal is to create an income from your food forest, you’ll want to focus on researching which tree crops sell well locally and then think about how to grow them in the most efficient manner.
從中可以看出，每種目標都需要對你的寶貴時間和金錢有不同的考量。例如，如果你的目標是從食物森林中創造收入，你會想專注研究哪些樹木作物在當地銷售良好，然後思考如何以最高效的方式來種植它們。
On the other hand, if you want to be more self-reliant, you’ll want to think about creating a diverse food forest with as many fruits, nuts, and herbs as possible to fulfill your needs and stop being dependent on the grocery store.
另一方面，如果你想要更自給自足，你就應該考慮建立一個多樣化的食物森林，盡可能多地種植水果、堅果和香草，以滿足你的需求，並停止依賴超市。
Don’t overdo the thinking at the outset; just be clear about what you want from the beginning.
一開始不要想太多；從頭開始就要清楚自己要什麼。
STEP 2. Explore, Sit Quietly and Observe, Analyse
STEP 2. 探索、靜坐觀察、分析
2a. Explore your local forest so you’ll have an idea of what will grow best in your area
2a. 探索你們當地的森林，這樣你們就會知道什麼能在你們的區域裡最好地成長
Start with taking casual walks in your local forest. When designing a food forest, you want to learn from the local ecosystem and try to emulate it. This is why such observations are important. This is how you discover what plants will grow best in our area.
從在當地森林隨意散步開始。設計食物森林時，你希望學習當地生態系統並嘗試模擬它。這就是為什麼這些觀察如此重要。這樣你才能發現哪些植物最適合在我們這個區域生長。
You’ll want to look around and identify the plants that are thriving. As Mark Shepard would say: identify the perennial plants, observe how they grow in relation to one another, and take note of the species. Later, you can use that list to find commercially productive variants of the wild plants you can grow in your food forest.
您需要環顧四周並找出茁壯成長的植物。就像馬克·谢泼德會說的：辨識多年生植物，觀察它們彼此間的生長方式，並記錄下品種。之後，您可以用這份清單來尋找可以在您的食物森林中種植的野生植物的商業生產變種。
This step is crucial because if you want to create an edible landscape requiring less work and maintenance, you need to grow species well adapted to your area, i.e., species that are volunteering to grow around your site.
這個步驟至關重要，因為如果你想要創造一個需要較少工作與維護的可食用景觀，你需要種植適應你地區的物種，也就是那些在你場地周圍自然生長的物種。
If you have nature as your ally and use the natural tendencies of the native vegetation, then you’ll be doing considerably less hard work. This is one of the fundamental permaculture principles of working with nature rather than against it.
如果你以自然為盟友，並利用本土植物的天然傾向，那麼你將做相當少艱苦的工作。這是與自然合作而非對抗它的一項基本永續農業原則。
For example, when I walked in my forest I saw elderberries, hazels, hawthorns, lindens, cherries, apples, junipers, etc. So, guess what I’ll be growing in my food forest?
例如，當我走進我的森林時，我看到了接骨木、榛樹、山茱萸、白榆、櫻桃、蘋果、杜松等。所以，猜猜我會在我們的食樹林種植什麼？
I’d also take seeds from those naturalized species and use them as rootstock for my plants. But that’s a lesson in itself, so be sure to read my post on growing trees from seeds.
我還會從那些自然化的物種中採集種子，並將它們作為我的植物的接穗。但這本身就是一個獨立的課題，所以務必閱讀我關於從種子種植樹木的帖子。
2b. Sit quietly and observe your site
2b. 安靜地坐著觀察你的場地
Next, sit at the future site of your food forest. Whether it’s 5 or 50 minutes, just sit there quietly. Brew yourself some coffee or tea, and just be mindful of what is happening around you. Immerse yourself and study the wildlife, feel the breeze, and listen to the sounds of the natural world around you. You can learn a great deal simply by sitting quietly.
接下來，坐在你未來食物森林的所在地。無論是五分鐘或五十分鐘，就在那裡安靜地坐著。泡一杯咖啡或茶，專注於周遭發生的事情。沉浸其中，觀察野生動物，感受微風，聆聽自然世界的聲音。僅僅安靜地坐著，你就能學到許多。
One of my best ideas, which saved me a lot of time, came when I just sat down and observed my site. For years, I tried to get a wild hedge under control, and year after year, I cut it, but it kept re-sprouting. This mindless management involved a great deal of work, as I always found myself battling against the hedge’s natural inclinations.
我最好的一個點子，讓我節省了很多時間，是當我剛好坐下觀察我的場地時想到的。多年來，我試圖將一條野生樹籬控制住，年復一年，我總是修剪它，但它卻持續萌芽。這種無謂的管理涉及大量工作，因為我總是發現自己在與樹籬的自然傾向對抗。
It wasn’t until one day, when I was sitting quietly looking down at the hedge, that I came up with an easy solution to the problem. I asked myself a simple question: How can I let nature do the work for me? As I observed the hedge more thoughtfully, I realized that some of the species growing there were useful, while with others, I had even planned to grow them there anyway.
直到有一天，我靜靜地坐在那裡看著那道樹籬，才想到一個簡單的解決方法。我問自己一個簡單的問題：我如何讓大自然為我工作？當我更仔細地觀察那道樹籬時，我發現那裡有些種類是有用的，而對於其他的，我甚至已經計劃要種植它們在那裡。
If I just gave a head start to the species I want there, they would eventually overgrow the ‘non-useful’ ones, and I wouldn’t need to cut down everything each year mindlessly. Sometimes we are just too much in working mode to come up with solutions that are a whole lot easier. Having the time to observe, think and ask the right questions helps us save money, time, and unnecessary labor.
如果我僅僅給予我想在那裡的物種一個先發優勢，它們最終會長過「無用」的那些，我就不需要每年毫無頭緒地砍伐所有東西。有時候我們只是太過於忙碌，無法想出更簡單的解決方案。有時間觀察、思考並提出正確的問題，能幫助我們節省金錢、時間和不必要的勞力。
These moments of mindfulness help put things into perspective and reveal a wealth of important information about the site.
這些專注的時刻有助於讓事情恢復正常角度，並揭示有關場地的豐富重要資訊。
2c. Do a site survey and make a basic map
2c. 做地點調查並製作基本地圖
It’s time to put on your permaculturist explorers’ hat and take notes about your site. You’ll want to ‘read the landscape’ and note down everything you can decipher about your water situation, climate, soil, slope, aspect, wildlife…
是時候戴上永續農法探索者的帽子，記錄下你的場地資訊了。你會想要「閱讀地形」並記錄關於你的水源狀況、氣候、土壤、坡度、朝向、野生動物等一切你能解讀的資訊。
The landscape you see around you and its resulting ecosystems are formed from the interaction of climate, landforms, soils, and living things. Therefore, to better understand your site, you should analyze these elements, or parts of them, one by one…
周遭的景觀及其所形成的生態系統，是來自氣候、地形、土壤和生物之間的互動所形成。因此，為了更好地了解您的場地，您應該逐一分析這些元素，或其中的一部分…
At this point, you want to be actively involved and walk the site, conduct surveys, and look at different natural processes. You can use modern technology (smartphones and desktop computers) to help you understand the weather patterns, terrain shape, and water movement across the land.
在這個階段，你應積極參與，走訪現場，進行調查，並觀察不同的自然過程。你可以使用現代科技（智慧型手機和桌上電腦）來幫助你了解天氣模式、地形形態以及水在土地上的流動。
You also want to get your hands dirty and investigate soil texture, structure, and biological activity. You can also perform some lab tests on your soil and experiment with some basic tests yourself.
你也想親手實踐，調查土壤的質地、結構和生物活性。你也可以對你的土壤進行一些實驗室測試，並親自嘗試一些基本的測試。
SITE SURVEY CHECKLIST: 場地勘查清單：
There are many things you’ll want to explore during a site survey. Click here to download my free site survey checklist and Food Forest Starter pack, and use them as your reference during this phase of the design.
在場地勘查時，您會想探索很多事情。點擊這裡下載我的免費場地勘查清單和食物森林啟始套裝，並在設計的這個階段當作您的參考。
Based on your collected information, make a rudimentary hand-drawn map or use Google Earth as a base layer and annotate the printout with your notes. You can even make multiple thematic maps for each landscape component you’ve analyzed.
根據您收集的資訊，可以製作一張簡單的手繪地圖，或以 Google Earth 作為基底，並在列印出的圖上標註您的筆記。您甚至可以為每個分析的景觀成分製作多張主題地圖。
From this site assessment map, it should be visible where the site potentials lay and what you’ll need to design for.
從這個場地評估地圖來看，應該可以清楚看出場地的潛力所在，以及您需要設計的內容。
場地評估地圖：微氣候範例
STEP 3. Food Forest Design – Create a Layout and Choose the Plants
STEP 3. 食物森林設計 – 創建佈局並選擇植物
來自 Toby Hemenway 所著《Gaia’s Garden》的插圖。設計食物森林時是極佳的參考資料。
3a. Choose a general layout – orchard, woodland, savannah
3a. 選擇整體佈局 – 果園、林地、稀樹草原
Four basic layouts determine the final look of the food forest: In their book Edible Forest Gardens, Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier suggest more options, but I’ll round it down to the basics:
四種基本佈局決定了食物森林的最終樣貌：在《可食用的森林園藝》一書中，Dave Jacke 和 Eric Toensmeier 建議了更多選項，但我將簡化為基本選項：
1. Savanna type systems – alley cropping and silvopastoral system – examples: Mark Shepard/Grant Schultz
1. 烏干達型系統 – 路邊種植與林牧系統 – 範例：馬克·谢泼德/ 格兰特·舒尔茨
馬克·希帕的新森林農場
2. Orchards – woodlands with regularly spaced trees – examples: Permaculture Orchard, David Holmgren
2. 水果園 – 開闊的林地，樹木規則排列 – 範例：永續農法水果園、David Holmgren
3. Mid – to late succession woodland – this is what we are trying to emulate – examples: Robert Hart, Martin Crawford, Geoff Lawton
3. 中期至晚期演替林地 – 這就是我們嘗試模擬的樣貌 – 範例：Robert Hart、Martin Crawford、Geoff Lawton
4. Closed canopy forests – the end point of succession, these are mature forests – example: “Your local forest.”
4. 閉合冠層森林 – 繁衍的終點，這些是成熟森林 – 例如：「您當地的森林。」
Which layout suits you best depends on your goals and your site’s characteristics (climate, terrain, biome, etc.). Different systems require a different design approach, management, and maintenance….
何種佈局最適合你取決於你的目標以及場地的特性（氣候、地形、生物群系等）。不同的系統需要不同的設計方法、管理與維護……
Savanna-type or agroforestry systems are based on a keyline design and are much better suited for commercial fruit, nut, and herb production. Usually implemented on a broadacre scale, this layout with equidistant rows enables efficient machine harvesting.
薩凡納型或農林共生系統基於關鍵線設計，對商業水果、堅果和草本植物生產的適合度更高。通常在廣袤的土地上實施，這種等距排列的佈局能夠實現高效的機械收穫。
The woodlands we call orchards are more of a hybrid system that you can use for both commercial production and home use. The layout also has equidistant rows, but permaculture orchards are usually implemented on a relatively smaller scale.
我們所稱的果園林地更像是一種混合系統，可以用於商業生產和家庭使用。其佈局也有等距排列，但永續農業果園通常實施的規模相對較小。
Mid- to late-succession woodlands offer the opportunity for the most varied, interesting, complex, and productive patterns of trees, shrubs, and herbs. Although primarily geared towards home food production, you can implement this layout in your suburban backyard and scale up to a farm scale.
中後期演替的林地提供了最多元、有趣、複雜且生產力高的樹木、灌木和草本植物的模式。雖然主要針對家庭食物生產，但您可以將此佈局實施在您的郊區後院，並擴展到農場規模。
3b. Start by outlaying your infrastructure first
3b. 先規劃您的基礎設施
Start your design with the scale of permanence in mind and plan your water, access, and structures first. It’s best to begin with these essentials because they will be the most permanent elements of your food forest.
開始設計時，要考慮永續規模，並先規劃水源、通路和建築物。最好先從這些基本要素開始，因為它們將是你食物森林中最永續的元素。
This includes thinking about the most suitable places for your water tanks, irrigation lines, and other water elements and planning for the locations of access points, different buildings, and fences.
這包括考慮水塔、灌溉管道和其他水源元素最適合的位置，並規劃通路點、不同建築物和籬笆的位置。
Water planning comes first, as water is the number one priority for any permaculture system. The water systems you develop in this stage will become permanent land features that other infrastructure components will follow.
水源規劃應優先考慮，因為水是任何永續農業系統的第一優先。在這個階段發展的水系將成為永續的土地特徵，其他基礎設施將依循其位置。
Immediately after designing the water systems, consider where to put your roads and paths. Their placement will define your movement around your food forest for many years, so think long and hard about their potential locations. Once they’re in, it’s hard to rearrange them.
設計水源系統後，立即考慮道路和步道的位置。它們的位置將定義你多年來在食物森林中的移動方式，所以要仔細考慮它們潛在的位置。一旦安裝完成，就難以重新調整它們。
The fencing pattern will generally follow access, and you can subdivide your food forest into different growing zones. By doing so, you can manage and protect them separately if necessary. Finally, consider where to put different buildings, if any…
圍籬的佈局通常會跟隨通路，你可以將你的食物森林劃分成不同的生長區域。這樣，如果必要，你可以分別管理和保護它們。最後，考慮放置不同的建築物，如果有的話…
Good infrastructure design is essential to minimize maintenance, maximize productivity, and provide a habitat for beneficial animals.
良好的基礎設計對於減少維護、最大化產出，以及提供有益動物的棲息地至關重要。
3c. Make a list master list of plants you wish to grow in your food forest
3c. 為你的食物森林製作一份植物清單
Make a master list of plants – your desired species and others necessary to fulfill a specific purpose in your food forest. Think about ecological functions needed throughout the garden, such as food production, gathering and retaining specific nutrients, beneficial insect nectar plants, and ground cover for weed control.
製作一份植物清單——你的期望品種以及其他為了實現食物森林特定目的而需要的植物。思考整個花園所需的生態功能，例如食物生產、收集和保留特定營養素、有益昆蟲的花蜜植物，以及用於防除雜草的地被植物。
Create a spreadsheet with each of these categories, do the research, and list all the plants you want. Now, suppose there is a desired species that won’t work on your site. In that case, you can always find an ecological equivalent, i.e., an ecologically similar species that fills a similar community niche in comparable habitats.
建立一份包含這些類別的表格，進行研究，並列出您想要的所有植物。現在，假設有某個期望物種不適合您的場地。那麼，您可以永遠找到生態學上的相當物種，即生態學上類似的物種，在相對類似的棲地中填補類似的群體生態位。
For this, you can use climate-analogous species. Based on the climate classification of your site, you can find almost identical climates across the globe, and then, by researching plants in those areas, find all kinds of interesting species you didn’t know you could grow.
為此，您可以使用氣候類似物種。根據您場地的氣候分類，您可以在全球找到幾乎相同的氣候，然後，透過研究那些地區的植物，發現各種您不知道可以種植的有趣物種。
However, growing plant species that aren’t native to your bioregion can work against the natural tendencies of your site. You can make things easier on yourself and focus only on what works. Here’s what I mean…
然而，種植非原生於您生物區域的植物，可能會與您場地的自然傾向相悖。您可以讓事情變得更容易，只專注於那些有效的選項。這就是我所指的…
Based on the inspection of your local forest in step 1, you’ll know what species grow best in your area. These native and naturalized species are part of the already functioning and thriving ecosystem. All you need to do now is imitate that ecosystem on your site but use the more productive variants of these species.
根據步驟 1 中對您當地森林的檢查，您將知道哪些物種在您的區域生長最佳。這些原生及自然化的物種是已經運作並繁榮的生態系的一部分。現在您需要做的就是模仿這個生態系到您的場地，但使用這些物種更具生產力的變種。
Be sure to include these plants in your master list!
務必將這些植物包含在您的總清單中！
3d. Create food forest guilds from your master list of plants
3d. 從您的植物總清單中建立食物森林共生群
圖片來源：https://www.theresiliencyinstitute.net/
This is the very core of forest gardening. In short, guilds are a combination of a tree and other plants in other layers (shrubs, tall and low herbaceous perennials, groundcovers…) that you intentionally grow together because they help each other in some way.
這正是森林園藝的核心。簡單來說，共生群（guilds）是由一棵樹與其他不同層次的植物（灌木、高矮草本多年生植物、地被植物等）組合而成的，你們有意識地將它們一起種植，因為它們在某些方面能互相幫助。
For example, a peach-tree guild:
例如，一個桃樹共生群：
• Peach (the central element)
• 桃樹（中心元素）
• Siberian pea shrub (N-fixing shrub -> adds fertility)
• 西伯利亞豆灌木（固氮灌木 -> 增加肥力）
• Sunflowers (insectary plant -> attracts beneficial insects)
• 向日葵（傳粉植物 -> 吸引有益昆蟲）
• Cabbage (annual vegetable -> quick yielding food crop)
• 紫蘿蔔 (一年生蔬菜 -> 快速產量的食物作物)
• Clover (N – fixing ground cover -> adds fertility and smothers weeds)
• 三葉草 (固氮地被植物 -> 增加土壤肥力並抑制雜草)
• Comfrey (nutrient accumulator -> adds fertility and smothers weeds)
• 菊科植物 (養分積累植物 -> 增加土壤肥力並抑制雜草)
• Calendula (insectary plant -> attracts beneficial insects)
• 金盏花 (昆蟲吸引植物 -> 吸引有益昆蟲)
So in your forest garden, you want to create effective polycultures that share the resources and mutually support themselves.
所以在您的森林花園裡，您想創造有效的多種植混合體，讓它們共享資源並互相支持。
But how can you choose the right combination of plants? Here are just a few of the recommendations from Edible Forest Gardens.
但如何選擇正確的植物組合呢？這裡僅列出《可食用的森林花園》中的一部分建議。
You can build your guild based on what you know or guess about plants, their species niche, and how they interact. In this way, you can also create novel plant combinations through your experiments.
您可以根據您對植物的認知或猜測、它們的物種生態位以及它們如何互動來建立您的共生群體。這樣，您也可以透過實驗創造出新的植物組合。
You can create a random mixture. A lot of people will select a group of interesting plants and throw them together and see what happens. However, while sporadically it’s ok to spice things up, if the whole garden is like this, it will probably result in failure.
您可以隨機混合。很多人會選擇一組有趣的植物，將它們放在一起看看會發生什麼。然而，雖然偶爾可以這樣增添趣味，但如果整個花園都這樣，很可能會導致失敗。
You can also try to emulate a habitat and use a model ecosystem as a template for design, incorporating species directly from the model habitat. This model habitat could be your local forest.
您也可以嘗試模擬棲地，並使用一個模擬生態系作為設計的範本，直接將模擬棲地中的物種納入其中。這個模擬棲地可以是您當地的森林。
This is, of course, the easiest way to win. Here, you’re not inventing anything new. Instead, you’re copying what already works in nature. All you need to do is observe how the native plants grow in relation to one another and imitate that in your food forest.
這當然是最容易贏的方法。這裡，您不必創造任何新事物。相反地，您只是在複製自然界中已經有效的方法。您只需要觀察原生植物之間的相關性，並在您的食物森林中模擬這種關係。
Not sure where to start? Here are 5 guild examples.
不知從何開始？這裡有 5 個共生群組的範例。
Download my Food Forest Starter Pack with Apple, Walnut, Peach, Medlar, and Oak guilds that you can copy and recreate in your food forest.
下載我的食物森林啟始套裝，包含蘋果、胡桃、桃子、梨和橡樹共生群組，你可以複製並在食物森林中重新創造。
3e. Do a patch design – define your planting areas and plant spacing
3e. 做區域設計 – 規劃你的種植區域和株距
Design your patches one by one; a patch could be a row, a contour, or a grouping of plants in one area. However you decide to tackle the patch design, the most important aspect is deciding on the planting distance.
逐一設計你的區域；一個區域可以是條狀、等高線狀，或是一個區域內植物的群組。無論你如何處理區域設計，最重要的方面是決定種植距離。
If you followed the design process and started your design by choosing the overall layout, you should already have an idea of the distances between the patches. Now let’s look at how to space the plants within the patch.
如果你遵循了設計流程，並由選擇整體布局開始設計，那你應該已經對區域間的距離有概念了。現在讓我們來看看如何在區域內配置植物。
The easiest way to determine this spacing is by using the ‘crown touching rule’ and placing the individual trees a crown’s diameter apart. For this, you’ll have to find the information on the size of the individual mature trees’ crowns and use that as your guide.
Usually, the biggest mistake people make is overly-dense spacing where tree crowns interlock. This is OK when you’re planting a screen or hedge, but otherwise, this will stress the plants and limit their growth.
In his book, Creating Forest Gardens, Martin Crawford recommends adding 30-50% more distance around each woody plant if you want more sunlight for understory plants. Also, you want to plant wider than the ‘crown touching’ distance when soil conditions are limiting to reduce competition between plants for limited resources.
STEP 4. Prepare the Future Food Forest Site
逐步改良我的場地土壤。Hugel swale 播種了紅三葉草/多年生黑麥草覆蓋作物混合種子。
4a. Adapt your site if necessary
4a. 必要時調整場地
If you’re not starting from scratch with a bare field, the chances are there is something already growing there, and you’ll need to adapt your site accordingly. This means clearing unwanted vegetation and leaving whatever you find useful. You can use any available biomass for mulch, compost, wood chips, firewood, and mushroom inoculation….
如果你不是從一塊荒地開始，很可能那裡已經有東西在生長，你需要根據情況調整你的場地。這意味著清除不需要的植被，並保留你發現有用的任何東西。你可以使用任何可用的生物質作為覆蓋物、堆肥、木屑、木柴和蘑菇接種……
For example, I will leave some naturalized plums and use a wood chipper to create mulch from the trees and branches I don’t need, plus I’ll also use the wood for my hugel beds.
例如，我會保留一些自生野生的李子樹，並使用木屑機將我不需要的樹木和枝條製成覆蓋物，我還會用這些木頭來做我的堆肥溝床。
4b. Shape the earth to your advantage and optimize water retention
4b. 讓土地適合你的需求並優化保水
After you have cleared the vegetation, you can start the earthworks to optimize water retention on your site. This involves shaping the earth to promote water infiltration, distribution, and storage.
在清除植被之後，你可以開始進行土壤工程，以優化場地的水分保持能力。這包括將土壤塑形，以促進水分滲透、分佈和儲存。
Effectively, what you want to do first is to slow, spread, and sink the water as it falls from the sky into the soil. The soil is the cheapest place to store water and is the largest storage resource available on most sites. To do this, you can use two famous techniques: keyline plowing/subsoiling and swales on the contour.
實際上，你首先想要做的是讓雨水從天空降落到土壤時，緩慢流動、擴散並滲入地下。土壤是儲存水分最經濟的地方，也是大多數場地最大的儲水資源。為了達到這個目的，你可以使用兩種著名的技術：關鍵線耕作/深層耕作和等高線溝渠。
Following this, you want to have a way to capture as much water as reasonably possible and store it for dry periods. You can do this by digging ponds that store the water and diversion drains that collect and distribute that water when necessary across the site.
接下來，你希望有方法能盡可能多地收集儲存雨水，以備乾燥時期使用。你可以通過挖掘儲水池塘和引水溝來實現這一點，引水溝在必要時收集和分配場地內的水。
Whether you use one or both of these strategies depends on your site conditions: climate, terrain, soil, your context…One question on everybody’s mind is whether or not to swale it. For assistance, I would encourage you to look at this cheat sheet by Ben Falk if you’re in two minds about doing swales on your site.
你是否使用這些策略中的其中一種或兩種，取決於你的場地條件：氣候、地形、土壤、你的環境……每個人都心中的問題是是否要進行引水溝。如果你對在場地進行引水溝猶豫不決，我建議你參考本·法爾克（Ben Falk）的這份捷徑表獲得幫助。
4c. Set up infrastructure and put down irrigation, pathways, and fencing
4c. 設置基礎設施，鋪設灌溉系統、步道和圍欄
Following the earthworks, begin with the most difficult, important, or permanent elements of the food forest.
在完成土壤工程之後，開始處理食物森林中最困難、最重要或最永久的元素。
Start by putting down pathways throughout your site. They are important as they define and protect your different growing zones from compaction. You want to minimize compaction in the areas you’ll be planting soon after, and having clearly defined pathways keep you on track (pun intended).
開始時，在您的場地中鋪設步道。它們很重要，因為它們定義並保護不同的生長區域免受壓實。您希望最小化即將種植區域的壓實，而明確的步道能讓您保持方向（諧謔）。
A well-built pathway can also act as hard surface runoff and collect the water you can connect with the other water elements you built in the previous step. Integrate rather than segregate!
一條良好建造的小徑也能作為硬質表面匯流，並收集你可以連接到先前步驟中建立的其他水元素的雨水。整合而非分離！
Fencing the site is the next important thing. I can’t recommend building a main perimeter fence and enclosing your whole site strongly enough. Importantly, there are security issues and protection from theft or trespassing. Moreover, I hear a lot of people regretting not doing this type of fence first to ensure that their trees get protection from wildlife.
圍繞場地是接下來重要的事情。我絕對強烈建議建立主要周邊圍牆並將你的整個場地包圍起來。重要的是，有安全問題和防止盜竊或闖入。此外，我聽到很多人後悔沒有先做這種類型的圍牆，以確保他們的樹木能受到野生動物的保護。
You don’t want those deer, coyotes, kangaroos, sheep, or rabbits nibbling on your seedlings.
你不想那些鹿、郊狼、袋鼠、羊或兔子啃食你的幼苗。
Finally, if necessary, put down irrigation and install water tanks – you can’t overdo it when it comes to ensuring enough water during a drought.
最後，如果必要，鋪設灌溉系統並安裝儲水箱——在確保乾旱期間有足夠的水源方面，你絕對不能做得過度。
4d. Build up your soil and improve the soil structure
4d. 增加土壤養分並改善土壤結構
It will come as a surprise to many, but improving the soil first rather than planting straight away saves time. This is because waiting for a year and simply conditioning the soil during that time and planting in year two yields better results than planting immediately.
對許多人來說，這會令人驚訝，但先改善土壤而不是立即種植可以節省時間。這是因為等待一年，在那段時間內僅僅調理土壤，然後在第二年種植，比立即種植產生更好的結果。
To improve the soil in this transitional period before planting, you can add soil amendments such as compost, compost tea, and fertilizers, or use cover crops to improve the soil fertility so that your plants get a decent head start. However, there is a caveat to this soil building…
為了改善在種植前過渡時期的土壤品質，您可以添加堆肥、堆肥茶和肥料等土壤改良劑，或使用覆蓋作物來提高土壤肥力，讓您的植物有良好的開始。然而，在這個土壤建設過程中有一個需要注意的事項…
Ideally, food forest soils contain a fungal presence ten times higher than bacteria. So you should aim to recreate those conditions.
理想情况下，食物森林的土壤中真菌的數量應比細菌多十倍。因此，您應該目標是重現這些條件。
In the beginning, you’ll probably start from a bare field, and you want to nudge your soil towards fungi domination continually. You can do this by inoculating the soil with fungi or cover cropping with green manure crops – Michael from the Holistic Orchard recommends red or crimson clover in preference as these two nitrogen-fixing legumes have a stronger affinity for mycorrhizal fungi. Finally, you want to spread woody mulch everywhere to feed the fungi in the soil.
在開始時，您可能會從一塊裸露的田地開始，並持續地將土壤引導向真菌主宰。您可以通过真菌接种土壤或使用綠肥作物進行覆蓋耕作來做到這一點——來自整體果園的麥克建議優先選擇紅色或深紅色三葉草，因為這兩種固氮豆科植物與菌根真菌有更強的親和力。最後，您希望在土壤中散播樹木覆蓋物來飼養真菌。
For more info about improving the soil in your food forest, read my Definitive Guide to Building Deep Rich Soils by Imitating Nature.
有關如何改善您食物森林土壤的更多信息，請閱讀我的《模擬自然建立深厚豐富土壤的終極指南》。
STEP 5. Source the Plants and Start Planting Your Food Forest
STEP 5. 找源頭採購植物，開始種植您的食物森林
這裡我在我當地的森林裡剪取一些 Juniperus communis 的枝條。我以低成本的方式尋找植物。
5a. Start a nursery or buy plants
5a. 設立苗圃或購買植物
Now that all the preparation work is complete, you can start planting. You have two options depending on the budget: grow your own trees (and shrubs, of course) or acquire young ones.
現在所有準備工作都完成了，你可以開始種植。根據預算，你有兩個選擇：自己種植樹木（當然還有灌木叢）或購買幼苗。
If you’re on a tight budget, I suggest growing most of your trees. Actually, regardless of your budget, you shouldn’t stray from learning how to grow your own trees. This is one of the most important skills you can have as a permaculturist, and the chances are that sometimes the type of trees you’ll need won’t even be available to buy.
如果你預算緊湊，我建議自己種植大部分的樹木。事實上，無論你的預算如何，都不應該放棄學習如何自己種植樹木。這是作為永續農法實踐者你能擁有的最重要的技能之一，而且很可能你需要的樹木類型根本就沒有販售。
Growing your trees is like printing your own money. It’s actually quite simple, and you don’t even need that much space. You can read about it in my post on ‘How to set up a Small Permaculture Nursery and Grow 1000s of Trees by yourself’ and start your nursery today.
種植樹木就像印錢一樣。其實相當簡單，而且你甚至不需要那麼多的空間。你可以在我的文章「如何設立小型永續農法苗圃並自行種植千棵樹木」中閱讀相關資訊，並開始你的苗圃。
Another option is to buy young trees from nurseries. However, the trees will be more expensive, already grafted, and probably already one or two years old. If you have the budget and don’t have time to grow your own trees or wait, this is how to get an instant orchard without the hassle of setting up a nursery.
另一個選擇是從苗圃購買年輕樹苗。然而，樹苗會更貴，已經接穗，而且可能已經是一歲或兩歲了。如果你有預算，而且沒有時間自己種樹或等待，這就是如何快速獲得免設立苗圃麻煩的果園。
5b. Phase your project and plant in stages
5b. 分階段規劃並逐步種植
Planting a food forest can take place in stages or all at once. However, being honest, you’re unlikely to do it all in one go. More realistically, you’ll plant your food forest in stages over several years. You’ll know where to plant as long as you know the outline of your rows or patches. After this, it’s only a matter of slowly filling the space with plants.
種植食物森林可以分階段或一次完成。然而，誠實地說，你不太可能一次就完成。更現實的是，你會在數年內分階段種植你的食物森林。只要你知道列或區域的輪廓，就會知道要種植的位置。之後，只要慢慢用植物填滿空間即可。
Establishing stages normally involves planting hedges and/or canopy trees in the first year or two, then later shrubs and a ground cover layer. Here is a recommendation from Martin Crawford’s Creating a Forest Garden book:
建立階段通常涉及在第一年或兩年內種植樹籬和/或冠層樹，然後後來再種灌木和地面覆蓋層。這裡是馬丁·克勞福德（Martin Crawford）的《建立森林園藝》（Creating a Forest Garden）書中的一個建議：
Windbreak/hedges and edges>>Canopy layer including N fixers>>Shrub layer including N fixers>>Perennial/ground cover layer>>annuals, biennial, and climbers.
防風林/樹籬與邊緣>>冠層包括固氮植物>>灌木層包括固氮植物>>多年生/地被層>>一年生、二年生及藤本植物。
Depending on your layout, you can add annual veggie production. At least, in the beginning, there will be a lot of light and space available for you to use to grow your beyond-organic vegetables.
根據您的佈局，您可以添加一年生蔬菜生產。至少在開始時，將有許多光線和空間可供您使用來種植您超越有機的蔬菜。
5c. Finally, put your plants in the ground
5c. 最後，將你的植物種到土裡
I won’t go into detail here on how you should be planting. For a step-by-step guide, refer to my other post.
我不會在此詳細說明你該如何種植。如需逐步指南，請參考我的另一篇文章。
In short, make sure you dig a large enough planting hole, spread the roots, sprinkle in mycorrhizal inoculant, or dip the roots in a mycorrhizal root dip if required, and refill the hole with the soil you took out.
簡單來說，確保你挖一個足夠大的種植洞，擴展根系，灑上菌根接种剂，如果需要，將根系浸入菌根根浸液，然後用你挖出來的土壤填回洞口。
In almost every instance, you should use sheet mulch after planting to control the weeds. Unless the soil is very poor, do not add extra materials. Most importantly, don’t forget to mulch with the right type of material. Since you’ll be growing woody perennials, you must feed the soil biology (fungi) with woody mulch.
在幾乎所有情況下，你應該在種植後使用鋪層覆蓋來控制雜草。除非土壤非常貧瘠，否則不要添加額外材料。最重要的是，不要忘記使用正確類型的材料進行覆蓋。由於你將種植木質多年生植物，必須使用木質覆蓋物來滋養土壤生物（真菌）。
Take Action! (Get Your Free Food Forest Starter Pack)
立即行動！（獲取免費食物森林起手包）
Creating a food forest is a multi-stage process; you don’t have to go through all the steps outlined above in the exact order. The idea behind this post is to give you a framework for planning and planting your first trees. Aftercare and maintenance will be the subject of another post.
建立食物森林是一個多階段的過程；你不必按照上述步驟的確切順序進行。這篇文章的目的是為你提供一個規劃和種植第一棵樹的框架。後續照護和維護將是另一篇文章的主題。
So these were the steps I followed when creating my food forest. I’ve been growing my food forest for a couple of years now. Still, honestly, it’s an ongoing and never-ending project as I always like to expand to more land, plant more plants, and experiment with different plant combinations. With every new patch of land, I follow these exact steps.
這些就是我建立食物森林時遵循的步驟。我現在已經種植食物森林幾年了。但誠實說，這是一個持續進行且永無止境的專案，因為我總是喜歡擴展到更多土地，種植更多植物，並嘗試不同的植物組合。對於每一塊新的土地，我都遵循這些確切的步驟。
I want you to do the same thing and start creating that low-maintenance food abundance today, so I’m giving several bonus resources to help.
我希望你也能開始創建低維護的食材豐富，讓我提供一些額外資源來幫助你。
In the bonus section: 在額外內容中：
I’ve documented the exact workflow I use to create food forests and packaged it into a Food Forest Starter Pack for you. It includes the following resources:
我已將我創造食物森林時使用的確切工作流程記錄下來，並包裝成一個食物森林啟始套裝給你。它包含以下資源：
- First, I distilled this 5000-word article you’ve just read into an easy-to-follow checklist to make it simple when you get to the implementation stage
首先，我將你剛才讀到的這篇 5000 字文章提煉成一個容易遵循的清單，讓你在實施階段時能夠輕鬆操作 - Second, I’ve made a site survey checklist that you can use as a quick reference when starting with a new patch of land.
其次，我製作了一份場地調查清單，你可以用來當作開始一塊新土地時的快速參考。 - Third, I’ve included a short tutorial on the exact design steps I used when planning the layout for my food forest.
第三，我包含了一個簡短的教學，關於我規劃食物森林佈局時使用的確切設計步驟。 - Lastly, I created a PDF with 5 temperate climate guild examples you can copy and recreate in your food forest.
最後，我創建了一份包含 5 個溫帶氣候團體範例的 PDF，你可以複製並在食物森林中重新創造。
Grow 3-5X More Food with Less Maintenance Compared to Conventional Gardening.
與傳統園藝相比，用更少的維護生長 3-5 倍的食物。
內容出處: How to Create a Food Forest – Step-by-Step Guide – Permaculture Apprentice